Thesaurus

A album is a advertence plan that lists words aggregate calm according to affinity of acceptation (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in adverse to a dictionary, which contains definitions and pronunciations. The better album in the apple is the Historical Album of the Oxford English Dictionary,citation needed which contains added than 920,000 entries.

History

In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the aboriginal argument that could now be alleged a thesaurus. In Sanskrit, the Amarakosha is a album in ballad form, accounting in the 4th century. The aboriginal archetype of the avant-garde genre, Roget's Thesaurus, was aggregate in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget, and appear in 1852. Entries in Roget's Album are listed conceptually rather than alphabetically.

Although including synonyms, a album should not be taken as a complete account of all the synonyms for a accurate word. The entries are aswell advised for cartoon distinctions amid agnate words and acceptable in allotment absolutely the appropriate word. Unlike a dictionary, a album access does not accord the analogue of words.

The chat "thesaurus" is acquired from 16th-century New Latin, in about-face from Latin thesaurus, which is the latinisation of the Greek θησαυρός (thēsauros), actually "treasure store",1 about acceptation a accumulating of things which are of big accent or amount (and appropriately the medieval rank of thesaurer was a analogue for treasurer). This acceptation has been abundantly supplanted by Roget's acceptance of the term.In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the aboriginal argument that could now be alleged a thesaurus. In Sanskrit, the Amarakosha is a album in ballad form, accounting in the 4th century. The aboriginal archetype of the avant-garde genre, Roget's Thesaurus, was aggregate in 1805 by Peter Mark Roget, and appear in 1852. Entries in Roget's Album are listed conceptually rather than alphabetically.

Although including synonyms, a album should not be taken as a complete account of all the synonyms for a accurate word. The entries are aswell advised for cartoon distinctions amid agnate words and acceptable in allotment absolutely the appropriate word. Unlike a dictionary, a album access does not accord the analogue of words.

The chat "thesaurus" is acquired from 16th-century New Latin, in about-face from Latin thesaurus, which is the latinisation of the Greek θησαυρός (thēsauros), actually "treasure store",1 about acceptation a accumulating of things which are of big accent or amount (and appropriately the medieval rank of thesaurer was a analogue for treasurer). This acceptation has been abundantly supplanted by Roget's acceptance of the term.

Thesauri in IT

In Advice Science, Library Science, and Advice Technology, specialized thesauri are advised for advice retrieval. They are a blazon of controlled vocabulary, for indexing or tagging purposes. Such a album can be acclimated as the base of an basis for online material. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus, for example, is acclimated to basis the Canadian Advice retrieval thesauri are formally organized so that absolute relationships amid concepts are fabricated explicit. As a result, they are added circuitous than simpler controlled vocabularies such as ascendancy lists and analogue rings. Each appellation is placed in context, acceptance a user to analyze amid "bureau" the appointment and "bureau" the furniture. Following all-embracing standards, they are about abiding hierarchically by themes, capacity or facets. Unlike a arcane thesaurus, these specialized thesauri about focus on one discipline, accountable or acreage of study.

In advice technology, a album represents a database or account of semantically erect contemporary seek keys. In the acreage of Artificial Intelligence, a album may sometimes be referred to as an ontology.

Thesauri for advice retrieval are about complete by advice specialists, and accept their own altered cant defining altered kinds of agreement and relationships:

Terms are the basal semantic units for carrying concepts. They are usually single-word nouns, back nouns are the a lot of accurate allotment of speech. Verbs can be adapted to nouns – "cleans" to "cleaning", "reads" to "reading", and so on. Adjectives and adverbs, however, hardly back any acceptation advantageous for indexing. If a appellation is ambiguous, a “scope note” can be added to ensure consistency, and accord administration on how to adapt the term. Not every appellation needs a ambit note, but their attendance is of ample advice in application a album accurately and extensive a actual compassionate of the accustomed acreage of knowledge.

"Term relationships" are links amid terms. These relationships can be disconnected into three types: hierarchical, adequation or associative.

Hierarchical relationships are acclimated to announce agreement which are narrower and broader in scope. A "Broader Term" (BT) or hyperonym is a added accepted term, e.g. “Apparatus” is a generalization of “Computers”. Reciprocally, a Narrower Appellation (NT) or hyponym is a added specific term, e.g. “Digital Computer” is a specialization of “Computer”. BT and NT are reciprocals; a broader appellation necessarily implies at atomic one added appellation which is narrower. BT and NT are acclimated to announce chic relationships, as able-bodied as part-whole relationships (meronyms and holonyms).

The adequation accord is acclimated primarily to affix synonyms and near-synonyms. Use (USE) and Acclimated For (UF) indicators are acclimated if an accustomed appellation is to be acclimated for another, unauthorized, term; for example, the access for the accustomed appellation "Frequency" could accept the indicator "UF Pitch". Reciprocally, the access for the crooked appellation "Pitch" would accept the indicator "USE Frequency". Crooked agreement are generally alleged "entry vocabulary", "entry points", "lead-in terms", or "non-preferred terms", pointing to the accustomed appellation (also referred to as the Preferred Appellation or Descriptor) that has been called to angle for the concept. As such, their attendance in argument can be acclimated by automatic indexing software to advance the Preferred Appellation getting acclimated as an Indexing Term.

Associative relationships are acclimated to affix two accompanying agreement whose accord is neither hierarchical nor equivalent. This accord is declared by the indicator "Related Term" (RT). Akin relationships should be activated with caution, back boundless use of RTs will abate specificity in searches. Consider the following: if the archetypal user is analytic with appellation "A", would they aswell wish assets tagged with appellation "B"? If the acknowledgment is no, again an akin accord should not be established.

Literary thesauri

Thesaurus of English Words & Phrases (ed. P. Roget); ISBN 0-06-272037-6, see: Roget's Thesaurus.

World Thesaurus (ed. C. Laird); ISBN 0-671-51983-2. This copy has been acclimated in alternating editions back 1971 by Webster's:

Charlton Laird. Webster's New World Thesaurus. Macmillan USA; 1999 (4th edition). ISBN 978-0-02-863122-6. p. 894.

Oxford American Desk Thesaurus (ed. C. Lindberg); ISBN 0-19-512674-2

Oxford Paperback Thesaurus: Third Edition; ISBN 978-0-19-861425-8

Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier; ISBN 0-679-40030-3

Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE)

WordNet

OpenThesaurus

The Well-Spoken Thesaurus by Tom Heehler; ISBN 978-1-4022-4305-9

Specialized thesauri for information retrieval

NAL Agricultural Thesaurus, (United States National Agricultural Library, United States Department of Agriculture)

AGROVOC Thesaurus, (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

Wageningen UR Thesaurus viewer, bilangual activity sciences thesaurus

Art and Architecture Thesaurus, (Getty Institute)

Clinician's Thesaurus, (by E.Zuckerman); ISBN 1-57230-569-X

European Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies; ISBN 978392767411

European Training Thesaurus; ISBN 978-92-896-0471-0, (European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training - Cedefop)

Eurovoc Thesaurus, (Europa Publications Office)

Evaluation Thesaurus (by. M. Scriven); ISBN 0-8039-4364-4

GEMET - GEneral Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, (European Environment Agency)

Medical Subject Headings, (United States National Library of Medicine)

Global Legal Information Network Thesaurus, GLIN Subject Term Index

Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms (APA); ISBN 1-55798-775-0

Thesaurus for Graphic Materials, Library of Congress apparatus for indexing beheld materials

Thesauri formats

RDF album formats:

TIF RDF Album Interchange Format, SWAD-E Project (2003)

ILRT RDF album abstract blueprint (2001)

Limber Project RDF action for ISO adjustable multi-lingual thesauri (2001)

CERES/NBII Project RDF album descriptor accepted (2000)

DRC DAML+OIL aesthetics for the CALL album (2002)

ETB RDF action for the multilingual educational album adaptation 0.4 (2001)

GEM Consortium RDF action for monolingual thesauri (2002)

Agrovoc/Kaon RDF ontology/thesaurus action (2001)

Wordnet RDF action by Sergey Melnik

XML album formats:

MARC-21 XMLSchema.

Zthes Z39.50 contour for album aeronautics (2001)

TML album markup accent (1999)

ADL Album Protocol XML formats (2002)

MeSH (medical format, 2001)

GEMET XML architecture (2003)

APAIS XML album format, an addendum of Zthes (2000)

Open University album schemas (2002)

Soergel XML album blueprint (2001)

Standards and manuals

The ANSI/NISO Z39.19 Standard of 2005 defines guidelines and conventions for the format, construction, testing, maintenance, and administration of monolingual controlled vocabularies including lists, analogue rings, taxonomies, and thesauruses.2

For multilingual vocabularies, the ISO 5964 Guidelines for the enactment and development of multilingual thesauri can be applied.

Thesaurus Architecture and Use: a applied manual. Jean Aitchison, Allan Gilchrist and David Bawden. London and New York: Europa Publications (2000).